A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• on a biosensor platform consisting of graphene quantum dots functionalized with acetylcholinesterase and choline oxidase for the detection of the organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos [25]. In 2018, Qian Liu et al. developed a photo-electrochemical sensor with nitrogen-functionalized graphene quantum

DNA aptamer selection and construction of an aptasensor based on graphene FETs for Zika virus NS1 protein detection

• Nathalie B. F. Almeida,
• Thiago A. S. L. Sousa,
• Viviane C. F. Santos,
• Camila M. S. Lacerda,
• Thais G. Silva,
• Rafaella F. Q. Grenfell,
• Flavio Plentz and
• Antero S. R. Andrade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 873–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.78

• characterization, the selectivity of this aptamer towards ZIKV NS1 protein diluted in human serum. The functionalized graphene devices exhibit an evident recognition of NS1 ranging from 0.01 to 100 pg/mL. As a result, the efficiency of our functionalization protocol in combination with the distinguished

• the human serum already contains a plethora of interfering biomolecules [25]. Figure S1b (Supporting Information File 1) exhibits a schematic illustration of the resulting ZIKV60-functionalized graphene devices and the experimental setup used in the electrical characterization for ZIKV NS1 protein

• Information File 1) for more details. In the following, we address the capability of ZIKV60-functionalized graphene devices to detect distinctively the ZIKV NS1 protein. We conducted electrical measurements of graphene transfer curves to evaluate the binding of ZIKV NS1 diluted in human serum to ZIKV60

Electrochemically derived functionalized graphene for bulk production of hydrogen peroxide

• Munaiah Yeddala,
• Pallavi Thakur,
• Anugraha A and
• Tharangattu N. Narayanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 432–442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.34

• ; functionalized graphene; H2O2 production; water treatment; Introduction Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is identified as one among the most important 100 chemicals in the world, and its applications extend from the pharmaceutical industry to water purification [1][2][3]. Today, a majority of the required H2O2 is

• (Se) edge functionalized graphene (reduced graphene oxide (rGO)) was found to undergo a direct four-electron path ORR process in alkaline medium, where rGO undergoes a two-electron path peroxide route ORR [35]. In this process, Se acts as a single atom site catalyst. In a nutshell, depending on the

• charge transfer properties of functionalized graphene (graphene oxide (GO) or other functional derivatives of graphene) [41]. Hence the single-step method for the production of large scale, controllably functionalized graphene is of high demand, and in this work, we demonstrate such a method to control

Nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide nanocrystals as second electron acceptor in PTB7:PC₇₁BM-based organic photovoltaic cells

• Olivia Amargós-Reyes,
• José-Luis Maldonado,
• Omar Martínez-Alvarez,
• María-Elena Nicho,
• José Santos-Cruz,
• Juan Nicasio-Collazo,
• Irving Caballero-Quintana and
• Concepción Arenas-Arrocena

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2238–2250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.216

• graphene has been used to dope the active layer based on P3HT, increasing the conversion efficiency by 59% compared to the undoped devices [43]. Also, solution processable functionalized graphene (SPFG) was incorporated as a third component in PTB7:PC71BM active layers obtaining a PCE increment of 22% with

Direct growth of few-layer graphene on AlN-based resonators for high-sensitivity gravimetric biosensors

• Jimena Olivares,
• Teona Mirea,
• Lorena Gordillo-Dagallier,
• Bruno Marco,
• José Miguel Escolano,
• Marta Clement and
• Enrique Iborra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 975–984, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.98

• porous gold films [9], owing to their outstanding properties in terms of electrical conductivity combined with their chemical stability and their ability to alter their chemistry under controlled conditions. Recently, functionalized graphene and graphene oxide have attracted the attention of the

The inhibition effect of water on the purification of natural gas with nanoporous graphene membranes

• Krzysztof Nieszporek,
• Tomasz Pańczyk and
• Jolanta Nieszporek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1906–1916, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.182

• interesting review on carbon- and nitrogen-based materials [10]. Hauser and Schwerdtfeger [11] studied theoretically the ability of functionalized graphene nanopores to separate methane from air. Recently, Guerrero-Avilés and Orellana performed ab initio MD simulations to study the interactions between

• functionalized graphene membranes can be very sensitive to the presence of water. The increase of the number of highly electronegative atoms such as nitrogen in the nanopore rim creates the opportunity to form hydrogen bridges with mixture components and then influences their selectivity of separation. Moreover

Electro-optical interfacial effects on a graphene/π-conjugated organic semiconductor hybrid system

• Karolline A. S. Araujo,
• Luiz A. Cury,
• Matheus J. S. Matos,
• Thales F. D. Fernandes,
• Luiz G. Cançado and
• Bernardo R. A. Neves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 963–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.90

• typical raw EFM image is shown in Figure 4b. Beginning at the bottom of this image, Vtip is sequentially increased from −6 V up to +6 V, while the frequency shift ∆ω is recorded (in shades of gray in Figure 4b). The RA monolayer and the functionalized graphene frequency shifts ∆ωRA and ∆ωGf were extracted

• , respectively, at the points PRA and PGf (see green dots in Figure 4a and green lines in Figure 4b; functionalized graphene is defined as a bare surface region of the substrate after RA deposition). Therefore, these green lines refer to extracted data points on RA monolayer and exposed graphene surfaces

• frequency shifts ∆ω as a function of applied bias Vtip for the cases of pristine graphene (Figure 4c – ∆ωGDark and ∆ωGLight, respectively), functionalized graphene (Figure 4d – ∆ωGfDark and ∆ωGfLight), and the RA monolayer (Figure 4e – ∆ωRADark and ∆ωRALight). Blue (brown) symbols in Figure 4c–e represent

L-Lysine-grafted graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue and metal ions

• Yan Yan,
• Jie Li,
• Fangbei Kong,
• Kuankuan Jia,
• Shiyu He and
• Baorong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2680–2688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.268

• organic molecules and metal nanoparticles via covalent or non-covalent binding [13][14][15][16]. Recently, functionalized graphene materials have shown great potential as highly efficient absorbers for the treatment of environmental pollutants and wastewater purification [17][18][19]. However, most of the

• functionalized graphene materials cannot meet practical needs in treating environmental pollutants because of high cost and low performance. Hence, the adsorption performance of graphene-based materials still needs to be improved and the cost lowered. Some reports showed that oxygen functional groups, vacancy

• defects. The functionalized graphene material may be a promising candidate for the removal of environmental pollutants. Experimental Materials and instrumentation Graphite powder was purchased from Shanghai Huayi Company (Shanghai, China). KMnO4, NaNO3, H2SO4 (98%) and HCl (36–38%) were obtained from

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines graphene as an isolated two-dimensional monolayer of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms [3], extended in a honeycomb-type structure that consist of six-membered rings [3]. Functionalized graphene is obtained from graphite by graphite oxidation followed by thermal

• reduction. During the thermal reduction of graphite oxide by flash pyrolysis, the decomposition of epoxy, carbonyl and carboxyl groups accounts for a build-up of pressure that exfoliates functionalized graphene [4]. In 1958, Hummers and Offeman reported on a ”graphene” synthesis by oxidation of graphite

• metals are readily immobilized on graphene oxide by means of cation exchange with carboxylic acid groups, followed by thermal reduction to produce metal nanoparticles supported on functionalized graphene. Such palladium nanoparticles supported on graphene were used as highly active catalysts for the

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• unchanged. As no growth can be detected, the results confirm that the synthesis of carbon nanotubes on functionalized graphene is due to the decomposition of the gaseous carbon precursor and does not come from the graphene itself as a possible carbon source. In addition, samples without iron oxide

• annealing of functionalized graphene in a hydrogen atmosphere resulted in agglomeration of the iron(II) oxide nanoparticles, increasing their average diameter from 3 nm to 9 nm. The synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on iron oxide nanoparticle/graphene composites was demonstrated. This resulted in

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• , wherein micro- and nanostructures assemble spontaneously by supramolecular interactions to form larger functional units [58]. This self-assembly of nanoparticles is very useful for various applications. In the surfactant-assisted ternary self-assembly of metal oxides with functionalized graphene sheets

• between alternating layers of graphene to form fine layered nanostructures. Self-assembly is also a widely used method for constructing a new class of layered nanostructures with stable, ordered and crystalline structure [58]. In layer-by-layer self-assembly of functionalized graphene nanoplatelets, the

Fully scalable one-pot method for the production of phosphonic graphene derivatives

• Kamila Żelechowska,
• Marta Prześniak-Welenc,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Izabela Kondratowicz and
• Tadeusz Miruszewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1094–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.111

• characterized by using spectroscopic methods along with thermal analysis. The morphology of the samples was examined by electron microscopy. The electrical studies revealed that the functionalized graphene derivative behaves in a way similar to chemically or thermally reduced graphene oxide, with an activation

• energy of 0.014 eV. Keywords: functionalized graphene; graphene oxide; one-pot synthesis; phosphonic derivatives; reduced graphene oxide; Introduction Graphene oxide (GO) with its multifunctionality attracts interest in different fields of science. The chemical nature and reactivity of GO have been

Monolayer graphene/SiC Schottky barrier diodes with improved barrier height uniformity as a sensing platform for the detection of heavy metals

• Ivan Shtepliuk,
• Jens Eriksson,
• Volodymyr Khranovskyy,
• Tihomir Iakimov,
• Anita Lloyd Spetz and
• Rositsa Yakimova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1800–1814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.173

• ]. In particular, it was previously reported that functionalized graphene oxide sheets on Au templates can effectively detect lead and mercury ions with improved electrochemical performance [18]. The possibility of using field effect transistors (FET) based on thermally reduced graphene oxide decorated

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• was achieved for amino-functionalized graphene oxide (APTS-GO) [90], while the largest improvement was recorded for surfactant-modified graphene nanoplatelets [60]. SWNTs in superacids: Strong acids such as fuming sulfuric acid and clorosulfonic acid can dissolve and disperse MLG and CNTs in large

Voltammetric determination of polyphenolic content in pomegranate juice using a poly(gallic acid)/multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrode

• Refat Abdel-Hamid and
• Emad F. Newair

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1104–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.103

• stress [2]. A facile and ultrasensitive sensor based on gold microclusters electrodeposited on sulfonate-functionalized graphene that was immobilized on the surface of a GCE was fabricated and applied for the simultaneous determination of gallic acid and uric acid [3]. The electrochemical mechanism and

• with thionine and nickel hexacyanoferrate [13]. A polyethyleneimine-functionalized graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode sensor was developed for sensitive detection of gallic acid [14]. A polyepinephrine modified glassy carbon electrode electrochemical sensor was developed for adsorptive

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• frequently employed as hosts for various catalysts [34]. We can demonstrate this using the example of functionalized graphene anchored by a water-splitting catalyst based on polyoxometalates (POMs). By imaging the nanohybrids at 80 kV, the supporting graphene is protected to a large degree and remains stable

Liquid-phase exfoliated graphene: functionalization, characterization, and applications

• Mildred Quintana,
• Jesús Iván Tapia and
• Maurizio Prato

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2328–2338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.242

• surface when compared with other carbon nanostructures. The characterization of functionalized graphene layers typically requires the use of advanced analytic techniques. Graphene layers in dispersions are normally present at low concentrations and functional groups appear only sporadically. Thus, high

• -evolving centre of natural PSII by using functionalized graphene by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with positively charged dendrons. The charged moieties recognize the inorganic tetraruthenate (Ru4POM) anionic catalyst by electrostatic interactions, as illustrated in Figure 8. The device produced by

• described graphene–polyoxometalate nanohybrids can be exploited. For this, Ru4POM molecules were identified on functionalized graphene surfaces by low voltage aberration-corrected TEM (AC-TEM) [46]. Following this, a time sequence analysis of the dynamical rotation of individual Ru4POM anions on

Donor–acceptor graphene-based hybrid materials facilitating photo-induced electron-transfer reactions

• Anastasios Stergiou,
• Georgia Pagona and
• Nikos Tagmatarchis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1580–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.170

• applications. There are two main routes to overcome this hurdle. Namely, this can be accomplished by starting with water-soluble graphene oxide (GO), which can be reduced to the so-called reduced graphene oxide (rGO), followed by post-modification to acquire functionalized graphene [11]. However, the reduction

• graphite exhibits two characteristic Raman modes, namely the G-band, due to the presence of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms at 1585 cm−1 and the 2D band at a higher frequency of around 2725 cm−1. In addition, functionalized graphene sheets exhibit a new band, the so-called disorder D-band at around 1350 cm−1

• , due to the presence of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms, present at defects and/or anchor sites of functional groups. Furthermore, the 2D band in functionalized graphene shifts to lower frequencies and narrows compared to that of graphite. Thermal gravimetric analysis gives information about the degree of

Highly NO₂ sensitive caesium doped graphene oxide conductometric sensors

• Carlo Piloto,
• Marco Notarianni,
• Mahnaz Shafiei,
• Elena Taran,
• Dilini Galpaya,
• Cheng Yan and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1073–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.120

• research [8][21][22][23][24], as the synthesis of GO is the first step to easily obtain functionalized graphene [25]. GO can be synthesized from colloidal suspensions of graphite derivatives [26][27][28][29], e.g., graphite oxide, a method significantly cheaper and scalable than most of the common

Core level binding energies of functionalized and defective graphene

• Toma Susi,
• Markus Kaukonen,
• Paula Havu,
• Mathias P. Ljungberg,
• Paola Ayala and
• Esko I. Kauppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 121–132, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.12

• binding energies for the pristine and defected graphene are shown in Table 1, for functionalized graphene in Table 2, and for the saturated vacancy configurations in Table 3. C(*) denotes a carbon atom far away from the defect (“bulk”), and “*” in the column “# of atoms” denotes that the number of such

• shifts of around −0.7 eV. The binding energies for the DV and the STW defects present similar downshifts from the pristine value as in the SV case, but not quite as large. The calculated values for the functionalized graphene systems can be found in Table 2. The C 1s value of the carbon atoms bonded to

• Stone–Thrower–Wales (STW) defect. Cropped relaxed structures of functionalized graphene. The a) hydrogen (–H), b) dihydrogen (2 –H), c) graphene-like dihydrogen (2 –Hopp), d) hydroxide (–OH), e) oxygen (=O), f) dioxygen (–2O), g) epoxide (>O), and h) carboxyl (–COOH) functionalities. Cropped relaxed